Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Multifunctional Therapeutic Platforms in Human Health, Nutrition, and Diagnostics

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent nanoscale, lipid-bilayer carriers crucial for intercellular communication, facilitating the transport of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that influence both physiological and pathological processes. This project explores the multifunctional capabilities of milk-derived extracellular vesicles (MEVs) as therapeutic platforms. MEVs, including small EVs (sEVs) and human milk EVs (hMEVs), exhibit notable stability, biocompatibility, and capacity for cross-barrier transport, enabling their application in oral and systemic therapeutic contexts. These vesicles demonstrate significant potential in immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory responses, and targeted drug delivery. Specific applications include tissue repair, maintenance of intestinal integrity, metabolic regulation, and modulation of the microbiota. Furthermore, engineered or milk-derived vesicles offer biocompatible platforms for targeted therapy and

diagnostics, particularly in oncology. While promising, the clinical translation of EV-based therapeutics faces challenges such as heterogeneity, inefficient isolation methods, lack of standardized protocols, and an incomplete understanding of underlying mechanisms. Addressing these limitations through scalable production, reproducible purification workflows, optimized cargo-loading strategies, and comprehensive safety assessments is essential for advancing MEV-based interventions from preclinical research to clinical application.

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