Sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based micro/nanospheres: a systematic scoping review on biodegradable materials and applications

The research covers a fully systematic review, according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, on sustainable alternatives to the conventional petroleum-based micro/nanospheres. The review examines research on all the fully biodegradable alternatives to petroleum-based micro/nanospheres and classifies biodegradable alternatives according to their origin and composition into three categories: natural, synthetic, and composite. Further, a review of fabrication techniques is included that discusses the possible methods of developing micro/nanospheres with specific ranges of attributes, in addition to analyzing the possible roles these biodegradable micro/nanospheres could play in the improvement of the current state of various fields, including cosmetics, advanced biomaterials, environmental remediation, catalysis, thermal energy storage, and other relevant fields. The research also

evaluates the technical trade-offs that may be related to various formulations of biodegradable micro/nanospheres, such as stability, degradation kinetics, and performance. Additionally, this study describes the current state of standardized testing that is, or may be, applicable to biodegradable micro/nanospheres, and identifies areas of research that hinder the greater use of these materials. The primary goal of the following work is to form an initial blueprint for the design and development of sustainable high-performance microspheres. In doing so, the work aims to alleviate the current increase of microplastics crisis and promote a circular bioeconomy.

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