Sustainable Biomass Lignin-Based Hydrogels: A Review on Properties, Formulation, and Biomedical Applications

Utilizing advanced methodologies for the biopolymer extraction of lignin is warranted due to the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass. Research has focused on lignin for its various useful properties. Being biocompatible and biodegradable, as well as containing antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, lignin is an ideal precursor for the development of value added products such as hydrogels. Increasingly, the creation of new hydrogels has attracted attention in the valorization of lignin for the biomedical field. Many potential uses exist for lignin-based hydrogels in biomedical applications, especially when used in conjunction with the process of copolymerization with other polymers and/or biopolymers. Different synthesis techniques are used for these hydrogels, such as interpenetrating polymer

networks, crosslinking, copolymerization, crosslinking grafted lignin with monomer(s), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization. For example, a crosslinking mechanism in lignin-chitosan-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels is dominated by hydroxyl, carboxyl, and sulfonic functional groups of lignin that participate in the formation of hydrogen bonds with other polymeric constituents. This area of research provides a rich avenue for M.Tech level work on the formulation and characterization of materials.

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