An In-Depth Exploration of Different Analog Circuit Parameters Utilizing Three Amplifier Topologies: A Robust Examination of Gain, Power, Noise, and Bandwidth Characteristics

This project compares three basic analog amplifier types: the simple differential amplifier, the cascode operational amplifier, and the folded‑cascode operational amplifier. All three were designed and simulated using a 90 nm CMOS process, a 1 V supply, and a 1 µA bias current. The study looks at key figures of merit such as voltage gain, power use, input‑referred noise, and unity‑gain bandwidth. Simulations were run in Cadence Virtuoso, giving clear numbers that show the trade‑offs in ultra‑low‑power analog IC design. The differential amplifier shows the best stability and bandwidth, reaching 23.89 MHz while drawing only 290.4 nW. The folded‑cascode version gives the highest voltage gain, 25.02 dB, but uses more

power (684.4 nW) and has a slightly higher noise floor of 192.5 nV/√Hz. The cascode operational amplifier falls in between, offering a gain of 20.59 dB and a bandwidth of 1.015 MHz. These results help engineers choose the most suitable amplifier topology for ultra‑low‑power, sub‑micron analog and mixed‑signal designs.

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