Hydrodynamic and thermosolutal analysis of MHD ternary hybrid nanofluids in BFS configuration: high-order FEM for drag reduction and thermal enhancement

This project uses numerical simulation to study thermosolutal convection, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), and radiative heat transfer in a backward‑facing step (BFS) channel. The working fluid is a non‑Newtonian Casson fluid that contains a ternary hybrid ferrofluid: copper, magnetite, and cobalt‑ferrite nanoparticles suspended in water (Cu‑Fe₃O₄‑CoFe₂O₄/water). The main engineering question is how magnetic fields, thermal radiation, and the position of an obstacle inside the channel influence hydrodynamic forces (drag and lift coefficients) and the rates of heat and mass transfer. To solve the governing equations for mass, momentum, energy, and solute transport, a high‑order Finite Element Method (FEM) is employed. Nonlinear terms are handled with Newton’s method, and transient behavior is captured

using a non‑stationary backward differentiation formula (BDF) scheme. The results show that changing the Hartmann number, Reynolds number, Lewis number, or the obstacle’s placement can markedly alter flow stability and thermal performance. Because the full paper was not examined, specific numerical thresholds for drag reduction or Nusselt‑number improvement are not provided. Overall, the simulation framework offers useful guidance for designing advanced thermal‑management systems and microfluidic devices.

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