Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential of Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanovesicles in Skin Tissue Regeneration

This research guide looks at plant‑derived exosome‑like nanovesicles (PENs) as a biocompatible alternative to mammalian extracellular vesicles for skin tissue regeneration. Traditional wound‑healing treatments often run into problems because animal‑derived vectors can trigger strong immune reactions, are hard to produce in large quantities, and face complicated regulatory hurdles. PENs tackle these issues by providing a scalable, low‑immunogenicity lipid‑bilayer platform that carries natural bioactive cargo. How PENs work involves cross‑kingdom signaling that reshapes the wound environment at several stages. They reduce chronic inflammation by steering macrophages toward an anti‑inflammatory phenotype, blocking inflammasome activation, and lowering oxidative stress. They also boost angiogenesis by increasing pro‑angiogenic markers and preventing cell death through ferroptosis

inhibition. At the same time, PENs stimulate peripheral nerve repair by activating the PI3K/ERK signaling pathway, which supports essential neuro‑vascular communication. The review points out that PENs could help rebuild complex skin structures such as hair follicles and sweat glands. Practical use is still limited by the need for standardized isolation methods and reliable in‑vivo tracking techniques. This resource offers structural guidance for designing biomaterial scaffolds loaded with PENs and for evaluating their regenerative performance.

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