Review of challenges and key enablers in energy systems towards net zero target: Renewables, storage, buildings, & grid technologies.

Moving the world’s energy system to net‑zero carbon emissions means looking closely at the technologies that can make it happen and the challenges that cut across many sectors. This research concentrates on four key areas: – Connecting renewable power sources to the grid – Using advanced energy‑storage systems – Applying energy‑efficient technologies in buildings – Building smart‑grid infrastructure We examine technical, economic, and regulatory obstacles and create a clear framework to judge how well different decarbonization paths perform and how easily they can be scaled up. A major focus is the fact that renewable generation is intermittent, which creates a strong need for large, fast‑responding storage solutions. The study also

looks at net‑zero buildings as active parts of a modern grid. It highlights how these buildings can manage demand, generate power locally, and use electric heating systems. Using simulation models and multi‑criteria decision analysis, we evaluate technologies that keep the grid stable and policies that support them. The result is a practical review and decision‑support tool for environmental engineers and energy planners who want to design system‑wide decarbonization strategies and speed up the shift to sustainable city infrastructure.

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