Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic: Circularity of wastes and comprehensive review of synergistic mechanism

Co‑pyrolysis, a thermochemical conversion method, is a promising way to turn municipal plastic waste and plant‑based biomass residues into useful products, helping with waste problems and the shortage of fossil fuels. It provides a clear framework for studying how the two feedstocks work together during co‑pyrolysis, especially how hydrogen‑rich plastics combine with oxygen‑containing biomass to improve bio‑oil quality. Using literature review and thermodynamic models, the method looks at how key parameters—such as the blend ratio, heating rate, and use of catalysts—affect product yield and composition. It especially highlights radical‑transfer and hydrogen‑donor reactions that reduce coke formation and remove oxygen from the bio‑oil. The framework also helps simulate reaction rates by

using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data and distributed activation energy models (DAEM). Overall, this approach helps graduate students set up a thorough assessment of co‑pyrolysis systems. It gives quantitative data for designing better reactors, boosting energy recovery, and supporting circular‑bioeconomy goals by turning both waste streams into valuable chemicals and stable biofuels.

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