Breaking the Betz limit: High-altitude wind energy toward future decarbonization.

High‑altitude wind energy (HAWE) is a new way to generate renewable power by tapping into stronger, steadier winds that are too high for ordinary tower‑mounted turbines. This project looks at both the theory and the practical steps needed to exceed the traditional Betz limit using airborne wind energy systems (AWES). The systems use tethered flying devices—such as kites or rigid wings—that fly across the wind to pull energy from high‑altitude air layers. We built a detailed mathematical model that predicts aerodynamic efficiency, how the tether behaves, and how the generator works under different atmospheric conditions. Through computer simulations we examined the mechanical limits of the devices, the power losses that

occur along the tether, and how efficiently the ground‑station converts that power. We also studied how to connect these systems to the grid, focusing on methods to smooth out the regular power swings that come from the tethered flight paths. Overall, the approach gives a clear picture of how much HAWE could help cut carbon emissions. It also highlights key points for improving aerodynamics, designing control systems, and understanding the size limits of future high‑altitude wind harvesters.

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