Sustainable sol–gel synthesis of NiMn₂O₄/activated carbon/PVDF nanocomposites for energy storage devices

The project makes nickel‑manganese oxide (NiMn₂O₄) nanoparticles and mixes them with activated carbon and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to create nanocomposites for energy storage. The goal is to use these composites as cathode material in lithium‑ion batteries. **How the material is made** – A sustainable sol‑gel process is used. This method lets us control the crystal structure and shape of the transition‑metal oxide. **How we check the material** – **X‑ray diffraction (XRD)** confirms that the particles form a crystalline cubic spinel phase. – **Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)** and **Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)** measure the particle size and look at the shape. The average diameter is about **39.73 nm**, and the particles

appear uniformly spherical. – **Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)** tests thermal stability, making sure the material can survive the temperatures it will see in operation. **Additional studies** – We test how the nanocomposites absorb under different pH levels. – The experiments focus on how acidic conditions affect performance when the weight fractions of PVDF and activated carbon are varied. Overall, the work offers a clear method for judging both the electrochemical behavior and the structural soundness of sol‑gel‑derived nanocomposites aimed at high‑performance energy‑storage systems.

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